γε

γε, [dialect] Dor. and [dialect] Boeot. [full] γα, enclitic Particle, giving emphasis to the word or words which it follows.

I with single words, at least, at any rate, but often only to be rendered by italics in writing, or emphasis in pronunciation: τὸ γὰρ . . σιδήρου γε κράτος ἐστίν such is the power of iron, Od.9.393; εἴ που πτωχῶν γε θεοὶ . . εἰσίν if the poor have any gods to care for them, 17.475;

μάλιστά γε 4.366

; ὅ γ' ἐνθάδε λεώς at any rate the people here, S.OC42, etc.: with negs., οὐ δύο γε not even two, Il.5.303, 20.286; οὔκουν φθόγγος γε not the least sound, E.IA9.

2 with Pronouns: with Pron. of [ per.] 1st Pers. so closely joined, that the accent is changed, in ἔγωγε, ἔμοιγε (also ἔγωγα [dialect] Lacon., but ἐγώνγα, ἰώνγα [dialect] Boeot.): in Hom. freq. with Art. used as Pron., v. ὅ γε: with demonstr. Pronouns, κεῖνός γε, τοῦτό γε, etc.: in Com. coalescing with -ί final,

αὑτηγί Ar.Ach.784

; τουτογί, ταυταγί, etc., Id.V.781, Pax1057, etc. (but

ἐνγεταυθί Th.646

): after possess. Pronouns,

ἐμόν γε θυμόν Il.20.425

, etc.: freq. after relat. Pronouns, ὅς γε, οἵ γε, etc.,

οἵ γέ σου καθύβρισαν S.Ph.1364

;

ὅς γ' ἐξέλυσας δασμόν Id.OT35

, etc.; ὅσον γε χρῄζεις even as much as . . , ib.365;

οἷόν γέ μοι φαίνεται Pl.R.329a

: rarely with interrog. Pronouns,

τίνα γε . . εἶπας

;

E.Tr.241

;

ποίου γε τούτου πλήν γ' Ὀδυσσέως ἐρεῖς

;

S.Ph.441

.

3 after Conjunctions, to emphasize the modification or condition introduced by the subjoined clause, πρίν γε, before at least, sts. repeated,

οὐ μὲν . . ὀΐω πρίν γ' ἀποπαύσεσθαι, πρίν γε . . αἵματος ἆσαι Ἀρῆα Il.5.288

, cf. Od.2.127; πρὶν ἄν γε or πρίν γ' ἄν, Ar.Eq.961, Ra.78, etc.;

ὅτε γε Pl.Phd.84e

;

ὁπότε γε S.OC1699

;

ἐπεί γε X.An.1.3.9

;

ἐπειδή γε Th.6.18

;

ὅπου γε X.Cyr.2.3.11

; εἴ γε, ἐάν γε, if that is to say, if really, Th.6.18, Pl.Phdr.25<*>c; also simply to lay stress on the condition, κἄν γε μὴ λέγω and if I do not . . , Ar.Ach.317; εἴπερ γε if at any rate, Hdt.7.16.γ, 143, etc.; ὥστε γε (v.l. ὥς γε), with inf., so far at least as to . . , Pl.Phdr.230b;

ὥς γ' ἐμοὶ χρῆσθαι κριτῇ E.Alc.801

; ὥς γε or ὥσπερ γε as at least, S.Ant.570, OT715, etc.:—γε may follow τε, when τε is closely attached to the preceding word,

ὡς οἷόν τέ γε μάλιστα X.Mem.4.5.2

, Pl.R.412b;

ἐάντε γε Id.Plt.293d

;

οἵ τέ γε Id.Grg. 454e

:—for its use in opposed or disjunctive clauses, v. infr. 11.3.

4 after other Particles, καὶ μὴν . . γε, οὐ μὴν . . γε, with words intervening, X.Mem.1.4.12, E.Alc.518, etc.; after ἄν in apodosi, when preceded by οὐ or καί, Id.Ph.1215, Or.784; ἄταρ . . γε but yet, Ar.Ach. 448; καίτοι γε, v. καί τοι; ἀλλά γε (without intervening words) is f.l. in Pl.Hp.Ma.287b (leg. ἀλλ' ἄγε), R.331b (ἀλλά γε ἕν codd.,

ἀλλὰ ἕν γε Stob.

); ἀλλά γε δή dub. in Id.Phdr.262a; later, Plu.2.394c, Ael.NA10.49 codd.: but,

5 when preceding other Particles, γε commonly refers to the preceding word, while the Particle retains its own force: but sts. modifies the sense of the following Particle, γε μήν nevertheless,

πάντως γε μήν Ar.Eq.232

, cf. E.El.754, X., etc.; [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion.

γε μέν Il.2.703

, Od.4.195, Hdt.7.152;

γε μὲν δή A.Ag. 661

, S.Tr.484;

γε μέντοι Pl.Tht.164a

, X.An.2.3.9, etc.: γε δή freq. strengthens an assertion, A.Pr.42, Th.2.62, etc.;

οἰόμεθά γε δή Pl.Euthd.275a

(cf. also 11.1); γέ τοι, implying that the assertion is the least that one can say, Ar.V.934, Pl.424,1041, etc.;

γέ τοι Pl. Grg.447b

;

γέ τοι δή S.OT1171

, Pl.Phdr.264b;

γέ τοί που Id.Lg. 888e

;

γε δήπου Id.Phd.94a

, etc.; γέ που at all events, any how, Ar. Ach.896, Pl.R.607d, 478a, etc.; for γε οὖν, v. γοῦν.

II exercising an influence over the whole clause:

1 epexegetic, namely, that is, Διός γε διδόντος that is if God grant it, Od.1.390; κλῦθι, Ποσείδαον . . , εἰ ἐτεόν γε σός εἰμι if indeed I am really thine, 9.529: hence to limit, strengthen or amplify a general assertion, ἀνὴρ . . ὅστις πινυτός γε any man—at least any wise man, 1.229; freq. preceded by καί, usu. with words intervening, ἦ μὴν κελεύσω κἀπιθωΰξω γε πρός ay and besi <*>es that . . , A.Pr.73; παρῆσάν τινες καὶ πολλοί γε some, ay and a great many, Pl.Phd.58d;

καὶ γελοίως γε Id.R.531a

; freq. with the last term in an enumeration,

ταύτῃ ἄρα . . πρακτέον καὶ γυμναστέον καὶ ἐδεστέον γε καὶ ποτέον Id.Cri. 47b

;

ὄψεις τε καὶ ἀκοαὶ καὶ . . καὶ ἡδοναί γε δή Id.Tht.156b

; repeated,

συνήγαγόν μοι καί γε ἀργύριον καί γε χρυσίον LXX Ec.2.8

; rarely without intervening words,

καί γε ὁ θάνατος διὰ τὴν μοίρην ἔλαχεν Hp.Septim.9

, cf. Lys.11.7 codd.;

καί γε . . ἐκχεῶ Act.Ap.2.18

: hence,

2 in dialogue, in answers where something is added to the statement of the previous speaker, as ἔπεμψέ τίς σοι . . κρέα; Answ. καλῶς γε ποιῶν yes and quite right too, Ar.Ach.1049; κενὸν τόδ' ἄγγος, ἢ στέγει τι; Answ. σά γ' ἔνδυτα . . yes indeed, your clothes, E.Ion1412; οὕτω γὰρ ἂν μάλιστα δηχθείη πόσις. Answ. σὺ δ' ἂν γένοιο γ' ἀθλιωτάτη γυνή yes truly, and you . . , Id.Med.817, cf. S.OT 680, etc.; πάνυ γε yes certainly, Pl.Euthphr.8e, etc.; οὕτω γέ πως yes somehowso, Id.Tht.165c; sts. preceded by καί, καὶ οὐδέν γ' ἄτοπον yes and no wonder, ib.142b, cf. d, 147e; sts. ironically,

εὖ γε κηδεύεις πόλιν E.IT1212

.

3 to heighten a contrast or opposition,

a after conditional clauses, εἰ μὲν δὴ σύ γ' . . , τῷ κε Ποσειδάων γε . . if you do so, then at all events Poseidon will . . , Il.15.49 sq.; ἐπεὶ πρὸς τοῦτο σιωπᾶν ἥδιόν σοι . . τόδε γε εἰπέ at any rate tell me this, X.Cyr. 5.5.20;

εἰ μὴ τὸ ὅλον, μέρος γ' ἐπιβάλλει D.18.272

:—sts. in the protasis, εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἑκόντες γε . . ἀλλ' ἀέκοντας . . Hdt.4.120.

b in disjunctive sentences to emphasize an alternative, ἤτοι κεῖνόν γε . . δεῖ ἀπόλλυσθαι ἢ σέ . . Id.1.11;

ἤτοι κρίνομέν γε ἢ ἐνθυμούμεθα ὀρθῶς τὰ πράγματα Th.2.40

;

πατὴρ δ' ἐμός . . ζώει ὅ γ' ἢ τέθνηκε Od.2.131

, cf. Il.10.504: also in the second clause,

εἰπέ μοι, ἠὲ ἑκὼν ὑποδάμνασαι ἤ σέ γε λαοὶ ἐχθαίρουσι Od.3.214

, cf. Hdt.7.10.θ, S.OT1098 sq.

4 in exclamations, etc., ὥς γε μή ποτ' ὤφελον λαβεῖν dub. in E.IA70, cf. S.OC977, Ph.1003, Ar.Ach.93,836, etc.; in oaths, οὔτοι μὰ τὴν Δήμητρά γ' v.l. in Ar.Eq.698;

μὰ τὸν Ποσειδῶ γ' οὐδέποτ' Id.Ec.748

;

καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία γε X.Ap.20

;

καὶ νὴ Δία γε Ar.Eq.1350

, D.Chr.17.4, Luc. Merc.Cond.28, Lib.Or.11.59, etc.: with words intervening, καὶ νὴ Δί', ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ἕτεροί γε . . D.13.16;

νὴ Δία, ὦ Ἀθηναῖοι, ὥρα γε ὑμῖν X.HG7.1.37

; merely in strong assertions, τίς ἂν φιλέοντι μάχοιτο; ἄφρων δὴ κεῖνός γέ . . Od.8.209, etc.

5 implying concession, εἶμί γε well then I will go (in apodosi), E.HF861;

δρᾶ γ' εἴ τι δράσεις Id.IA817

, cf. Andr.239.

III γε freq. repeated in protasis and apodosis, as πρίν γε . . , πρίν γε, v. supr.1.3;

εἰ μή γε . . τινὶ μείζονι, τῇ γε παρούσῃ ἀτιμίᾳ Lys.31.29

; even in the same clause,

οὐδέν γ' ἄλλο πλήν γε καρκίνους Ar.V.1507

, cf. Hdt.1.187, E.Ph.554, Pl.R.335b, Grg.502a.

IV POSITION: γε normally follows the word which it limits; but is freq. placed immediately after the Article, as

ὅ γε πόλεμος Th.1.66

, etc.; or the Prep.,

κατά γε τὸν σὸν λόγον X.Cyr.3.1.15

;

ἔν γε ταῖς Θήβαις S.OT1380

; or

δέ, νῦν δέ γε Pl.Tht.144e

; τὸ δέ γε ib.164b;

δοῖμεν δέ γέ που ἄν Id.R.607d

, cf. Phd.94a, etc.; freq. in retorts, ἁμές ποκ' ἦμες ἄλκιμοι νεανίαι. Answ.

ἁμὲς δέ γ' εἰμές Carm.Pop.18

; οὐκ οἶδ' ὅτι λέγεις. Answ.

ἡ γραῦς δέ γε οἶδ', ὡς ἐγῷμαι Men.Epit.577

, cf. A.Th.1031, etc.